Abstract The article addresses three aspects of the humanitarian intervention doctrine. It argues, first, that the value of sovereignty rests on the justified social processes of the target state ? the horizontal contract. Foreign interventions, even when otherwise justified, must respect the horizontal contract. In contrast, morally objectionable social processes (such as the subjection of women) are not protected by sovereignty (intervention, of course, may be banned for other reasons). In addition, tyrants have no moral protection against interventions directed at (...) them. Second, the article addresses the internal legitimacy of humanitarian intervention. It concludes that the liberal state may only use voluntary soldiers (either the voluntary army or mercenaries) to conduct humanitarian intervention. Conscription for that purpose is not permissible. The article shows that the long-standing criticism of mercenaries stems from a romantic prejudice and is thus unfair. Third, the article makes a distinction between intention (the determination to perform an action) and motive (a further goal that the agent seeks with that action) and shows that only intention is relevant for humanitarian intervention. A justified humanitarian intervention requires the intention to liberate the victims, but not necessarily a good further motive. It shows how mainstream doctrine has impermissibly confused the two concepts. (shrink)

We present a new functional interpretation, based on a novel assignment of formulas. In contrast with Gödel’s functional “Dialectica” interpretation, the new interpretation does not care for precise witnesses of existential statements, but only for bounds for them. New principles are supported by our interpretation, including the FAN theorem, weak König’s lemma and the lesser limited principle of omniscience. Conspicuous among these principles are also refutations of some laws of classical logic. Notwithstanding, we end up discussing some applications of the (...) new interpretation to theories of classical arithmetic and analysis. (shrink)

It is well known that Frege's system in the Grundgesetze der Arithmetik is formally inconsistent. Frege's instantiation rule for the second-order universal quantifier makes his system, except for minor differences, full (i.e., with unrestricted comprehension) second-order logic, augmented by an abstraction operator that abides to Frege's basic law V. A few years ago, Richard Heck proved the consistency of the fragment of Frege's theory obtained by restricting the comprehension schema to predicative formulae. He further conjectured that the more encompassing Δ₁¹-comprehension (...) schema would already be inconsistent. In the present paper, we show that this is not the case. (shrink)

It is well known that Frege's system in the Grundgesetze der Arithmetik is formally inconsistent. Frege's instantiation rule for the second-order universal quantifier makes his system, except for minor differences, full (i.e., with unrestricted comprehension) second-order logic, augmented by an abstraction operator that abides to Frege's basic law V. A few years ago, Richard Heck proved the consistency of the fragment of Frege's theory obtained by restricting the comprehension schema to predicative formulae. He further conjectured that the more encompassing Δ11-comprehension (...) schema would already be inconsistent. In the present paper, we show that this is not the case. (shrink)

It is possible today to observe in hindsight the epistemological landscape of the twentieth century, and the work of Albert Lautman in mathematical philosophy appears as a profound turning point, opening to a true under- standing of creativity in mathematics and its relation with the real. Little understood in its time or even today, Lautman’s work explores the difficult but exciting intersection where modern mathematics, advanced mathe- matical invention, the structural or unitary relations of mathematical knowledge and, finally, the metaphysical (...) and dialectical tensions underly- ing mathematical activity converge. Well beyond other better-known names in philosophy of mathematics – who are focused above all on ques- tions concerning the logical problem of foundations, important but frag- mentary studies in the vast panorama of modern mathematics – Lautman broaches the emergence of inventiveness in the very broad spectrum of the development of the mathematical real. Group theory, differential geome- try, algebraic topology, differential equations, functional analysis, functions of complex variables and number fields are some of the domains of his preferred examples. He detects in them methods of construction, structu- ration and unification of modern mathematics that he connects to a precise Platonic interpretation in which powerful pairs of ideas serve to organize the edifice of effective mathematics. (shrink)

We introduce the work of Mariano Picón Salas, who tries to enlarge the Hispanoamerican tradition —historically focused on the web of transits/obstructions between Europe and Latin America— via a larger triangulation that includes the presence of the culture of the United States. His essays from the period 1930-1950 show how pragmatism —understood in Peircean terms as a web of topological transfers of knowledge between the borders of culture— can help to provide a vision that encompasses America as a whole.

In Frege’s logicism, numbers are logical objects in the sense that they are extensions of certain concepts. Frege’s logical system is inconsistent, but Richard Heck showed that its restriction to predicative quantification is consistent. This predicative fragment is, nevertheless, too weak to develop arithmetic. In this paper, I will consider an extension of Heck’s system with impredicative quantifiers. In this extended system, both predicative and impredicative quantifiers co-exist but it is only permissible to take extensions of concepts formulated in the (...) predicative fragment of the language. This system is consistent. Moreover, it proves the principle of reducibility applied to concepts true of only finitely many objects. With the aid of this form of reducibility, it is possible to develop arithmetic in a thoroughly Fregean way. (shrink)

This paper presents a possibilistic conception of technological artifacts facing technological determinism. Technological artifacts are considered points in a space of pragmatic possibilities determined by the abilities of different sociocultural aspects. The determination process of one possibility is the design of an artifact that comes true as long as the abilities are effective. A design is a process of creation at several levels of reality: material, functional, usefulness. At the same time, the idea of design may also include the social (...) participation of the community, which hereby collectively expresses its desires. This proposed alternative responds to determinism as well as to social constructivism. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 107 Heft: 3 Seiten: 485-495.

The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the best documented examples of contemporary biological evolution. Variability in the mechanisms of resistance depends on the diversity of genotypes in the huge bacterial populations, and also on the diversity of selective pressures that are produced along the antibiotic concentration gradients formed in the highly compartmentalized human body during therapy. These antibiotic gradients can be conceived as comprising selective compartments, each one of them defined as the concentration able to select (...) a particular genetic variant. In vitro experimental models confirm that some antibiotic resistant variants are selected only at certain selective concentrations of antibiotics. The correspondence between selective compartments and selectable variants could offer a way of describing more accurately the antibiotic selective landscapes and for taking measures to prevent the development of a major threat to the future of modern medicine. (shrink)

ResumenEn el artículo, objeto de este resumen, trabajaremos una de las temáticas que han sabido encontrar un importante desarrollo en la parte más temprana de la obra de Foucault y que, a pesar de lo que muchas veces se creé, continuó siendo sumamente fundamental para todo su recorrido intelectual: nos referimos a la problemática espacial. Dedicaremos el texto a enmarcar y analizar las críticas y reelaboraciones que Foucault ha formulado en relación a la concepción espacial, así como algunas menciones relativas (...) a las implicancias socio-políticas que la misma arrastraría consigo.Palabras clavesFoucault – espacio – distancia – relaciones de fuerza – origenAbstractIn the article object of this summary, we will work on one of the themes that have been subject of a significant development in the earliest part of Foucault´s work and which, despite what is often believed, continued to be extremely important for his entire intellectual journey: that is the space problem.We will devote this paper to frame and analyze the criticisms and re-elaborations that Foucault has formulated in relation to the spatial conception, as well as some references to the social-political implications that it would trigger.Key wordsFoucault – Space – Distance – Power relations – Origi. (shrink)

En Argentina, sobre la riqueza del campo se yergue una estructura industrial débil, una infraes tructura poco sólida, un descuidado capital humano y una gran parte de la población en estado de pobreza. Ante ello, una limitante es la corrupción enquistada en la sociedad, especialmente en la dirigenci..

La apatía con la que el hombre observa el accionar de los administradores públicos es una de las razones por las que muchos gobernantes consideran que acceden al poder para desarrollar proyectos personales y no para cumplir con el mandato del pueblo. En general, el argentino tiene la tendencia a "de..

Se comparan críticamente las teorías del condicionamiento y la expectativa. Luego se retoma la propuesta de Oron Frenkel (2008) a fin de juzgar si la noción de intencionalidad motriz permite establecer un marco teórico superador de las deficiencias de dichas teorías. Finalmente se analiza la noción de forma y los órdenes físico, vital y humano, propuestos en La Estructura del Comportamiento (1976), como abordajes alternativos. Como conclusión se destaca el valor de la experiencia del paciente en los ensayos y se (...) plantea la posibilidad de redefinir la noción tradicional de conciencia entendida como formación de representaciones y juicios. (shrink)

When, on December 7, 2000, the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission proclaimed solemnly in Nice the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, many thought that European integration was practically guaranteed and that the Charter would soon be made into a binding legal text. Since then, the two attempts to enact a European consitution – the Constitutional Treaty for the European Union of 2004 and the arguably less ambitious Treaty of Lisbon of 2007 – both failed. Further (...) efforts at unification have stagnated, in part due to the 2008 economic crisis and the European Union’s inability to coordinate responses to issues as serious as immigration, the refugee crisis, and terrorism. In this paper, I examine a theoretical counterpoint to that bleak perspective for European unification, to wit, Jürgen Habermas’ eurofederalist proposal of the postnational democracy and European constitutional patriotism. (shrink)

This article explores the transformative power of art circulation by analysing surprising narratives of abducted fountains across the early modern Mediterranean area under the political influence of the Spanish Empire. The object of this study will be the stories of Italian fountains stolen by Spanish viceroys or rescued during naval skirmishes between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire. These narratives reveal a widespread desire for fountains throughout the Mediterranean, which generated a sequence of geographical relocations and cultural translations. My (...) aim is to conceptualise the desire for Italian fountains as an engine for continental circulation, taking into consideration several cases of stolen, abducted, or captive works of sculpture whose stories navigate the dubious boundaries of historical truth and resemble more popular episodes of thefts of relics or the kidnapping and trafficking of enslaved people. Sometimes demonstrable facts, sometimes charming legends linked to the suggestive power of water, these episodes disclose the life of monumental art in motion and subvert the widespread reading of fountains as site-specific objects. (shrink)

Teson critiques a recent article by John Rawls in which Rawls extends his acclaimed political theory to include international relations.

This article shows how epideictic rhetoric and argumentation may be interrelated in a general-interest newspaper framed as a single discourse produced by a collective author. In more specific terms, the view advanced here is that newspaper as whole has an epideictic dimension which, in terms of argumentation, is the fundamental or predominant one. The usefulness of this approach is twofold. In terms of rhetoric, to explore the applicability of epideictic rhetoric to journalistic discourse; and in the field of journalism studies, (...) the goal is to draw on the theory of epideictic rhetoric so as to refine the conceptualization of the nature of argumentation in the newspaper as such. Given this twofold perspective, the account of newspaper discursive practices will be general, and the classical and contemporary epideictic theory will be briefly summarized. However, the outcome of this analysis is an example of a fruitful encounter between the two fields. (shrink)

This paper analyses Edith Stein's thought in order to find out, particularly in the investigation the philosopher did about Thomas Aquinas, the metaphysical assumptions hidden in the phenomeno-logy. It tries to clarify in which way the steinian "realism of essence", based on a certain logical atomism, gives up the idealistic postulates of Husserl's philosophy.

Leibnizian senses of temporality are analized, in order to assess that Leibniz’s formal and a priori notion of time is based on his own modal metaphysics. In this way, we can say that time constitutes the notion that allows the modalities articulation (Possibility-Necessity-Contingency) as well as the role of modal concepts allows to control the time.

I study the senses in which it is possible to understand the beginning, focusing on the beginning of thinking as a presential articulation of time. This paper is a continuation of earlier studies.

El presente trabajo constituye una introducción al tema del tiempo el Polo, en relación con la posición que tal noción mantiene en la filosofía fenomenológica. Husserl propone el abandono de la suposición de la existencia real de los objetos, fundándolos en la presentificación. Con ello plantea la superación del tiempo en unos términos que no evitan la 'constitución' de los objetos de la conciencia. En Heidegger la temporalidad es la última condición a priori de la comprensión del ser. El abandono (...) de la presencia en Polo alcanza distinciones de realidad connotantes de diversidad de dimensiones metódicas y temáticas del tiempo. (shrink)

El presente artículo desarrolla el diagnóstico nietzscheano sobre la condición moral de la tradición judeo-cristiana occidental. Haciendo un recorrido por la crítica nietzscheana en La genealogía de la moral, nos proponemos, bajo la clave hermenéutica de sentido, mostrar que el sacerdote asceta se alza como una figura de dominio de carácter sacro de los sentimientos morales, convirtiéndose en una suerte de administrador del sentido del sufrimiento, de la pena, de la culpa y de la mala conciencia.

Frente a la extendida opinión de que la filosofía es un saber genérico, en este trabajo se muestra el vínculo interno entre los conceptos matemáticos —número, forma geométrica, demostración...— y el discurso filosófico que da cuenta de ellos en algunos momentos fundamentales de los Diálogos de Platón.

Aristóteles afirma en el De Anima que percibir consiste en recibir una forma sensible sin materia. Cuando Tomás de Aquino comenta este pasaje precisa la definición del Estagirita y sostiene que esa forma sensible posee una existencia intencional en el sujeto cognoscitivo. De esta manera, denomina inmutación espiritual al proceso por el cual un ente recibe una forma sensible que posee una existencia intencional. Los problemas respecto a la inmutación espiritual surgen cuando se estudia en profundidad su status ontológico, puesto (...) que en varias de sus obras el Aquinate declara que se trata de una inmutación inmaterial, pero en muchas afirma que es una inmutación material. El objetivo de este artículo es resolver esta aparente contradicción y demostrar que para Tomás de Aquino existe una gradación ontológica. (shrink)

En el número 8 de la revista mexicana Cuadrivio, lamentablemente desaparecida, se incluía el artículo titulado «La astuta excepción de lo humano» que ahora se reproduce. Respondía a una creencia inferida del antiguo calendario mesoamericano conocido como cuenta larga, que situaba el fin de la humanidad en el solsticio de invierno de 2012. En el artículo nos preguntábamos si tenía sentido hablar de la posibilidad del fin total de lo humano. Recordábamos algunos momentos en los que la Humanidad quedaba en (...) suspenso: la «Solución final/definitiva» (Endlösung) que tenía como objetivo el exterminio del pueblo judío (1945); o el uso de la bomba nuclear en una guerra generalizada. Salvado este camino, nos preguntamos: ¿está asegurada la continuidad de la Humanidad? El proceso de globalización en el que sobrevivimos, nos conduce a una situación de equilibrio inestable en la que cualquier parámetro que sobrepase un cierto valor puede provocar rupturas y singularidades, y extraños vínculos entre democracias y estados totalitarios difíciles de prever. Quizá estemos viviendo ya plenamente ese momento de donde saldrá un nuevo sujeto de la historia. (shrink)